ginally developed in such a way that it is impossible to say things about one without also saying something even though implicitly, about the other

But these terms, extrovert and introvert, are not considered by many psychologists today as adequate concepts It seems that someɔne in the position to say that "many of Our terms modern psychological stand in need of serious revision” would be aware of the disrepute that terms like extrovert" and "introvert have fallen into, yet Mr Crowther makes the concept of introver! central in the article

Even if we decide, along with Mr Crowther, to operate with these concepts we are immediately involved in many difficulties. We are never given a clear description of those qualities which differentiate an extrovert from an introvert Mr. Crowther gives what is the commonly understood meaning of "introvert" as "the one who is preoccupied with subjective experiences, as distinguished from the apparent external universe and his relationships to it Unfortunately, this sentence. which could be taken as the only thing approaching a definition of extroversion in the article, is very ambiguous. While the introvert is preoccupied with "subjective" experiences, what he is not preoccupied with is the "apparent external universe and his relations to it." The external universe, then, must be what the extrovert is preoccupied with. This would lead us to believe that the extrovert is preoccupied with natural phenomena, such as physical events, planetary movements, and chemical reactions things external to man as parts of the external universe But this is not the case We find Mr Crowther a few lines further on saying that "introverts become preoc

cupied with subjective values-with ideas, interpretations, principles.”

This would lead one to believe that not only is he assigning to "introvert" what is commonly meant by that term, but he is also assigning to "introvert" what is commonly meant by "extrovert" Indeed, if we exa. mine the beginning of the article. we find this to be the case, namely, that "the history of religious and philosophical leadership is the history of minds who have valued the realities of man's subjective nature We find that introverted thought may climb to reach that plane of ethical and spiritual certainties, and of creative imagination, from which have acted our greatest cultural and social leaders." The last two quotes taken together seem to imply that introversion or subjectivity is synonomous with all higher forms of intellectual endeavor, while it is continually implied that the alterative to this exalted position is a mere interest in "the outward physical result, the immediate experience, the appearances of things." Again, in contrasting these "outward" things with introversion, we are lead to assume that these immediate, outward experiences are what the extrovert is preoccupied with.

Now, if we choose to call "introverts" those people who are preoccupied with intellectual pursuits, then we have defined the term in a special way, in a way which departs considerably from the current usage of the concept. But Mr Crowther falls back on the common definition of the term when he is talking about the introvert as a child.

We have the statement, "it is logical to assume that a child whose family environment and native interest dispose him or her to strong cultural interests is likely to develop introspective tendencies at an early age" "The impacts of art, and mu-

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ic. of travel, of thoughtful adult onversation" produce these intropective tendencies. Here we are iven a new word, "introspection". hich to judge by its use here, is ynonymous with "introversion" This onclusion must be drawn from the tatement that all cultural values end to stimulate subjective more han objecitve interests," and we ave already been told that subjecive values are what introverts are reoccupied with. At this point Mr Crowther has reversed to the more isual definition of "introvert,” i.e, of ne who takes an interest in the arts, ravel, personal ethical questions. he so-called "normative" studies. I do not think it is ever quite lear whether Mr Crowther intends o equate introspective persons or ntroverts with those who cultivate all higher forms of knowledge, or whether he intends to limit the term o the narrower and more accepted definition. Sometimes one seems to >e meant, sometimes the other II he former is meant, then what he says goes contrary to what has been aught and is being taught in conlection with the scientific method For it is a mark of the scientific enerprise that all knowledge valuable o the advancement of culture is publicly accessible and also comnunal, ie, not subjective and personal If the latter definition is what s meant, then Mr Crowther is put in he position of saying that only the arts, religious values, and other personal interests are the highest and proper manifestations of culture The allacies involved in this theory of culture, still widely taught in college have been humanities divisions, have very aptly discussed in anthropological literature. Anthropologists have come to use the term "epiculture" to refer to what the humanists call "culture."

But by Mr Crowther's formula-

tion,either definition would leave ou! the possibility of culture ever being benefited by non-intellectual means. such as the discovery of America, the killing-off of dangerous animals, working on an assembly line in a factory, etc., since it would seem that these are preoccupations with the "immediate realities of enviorn. ment."

We are told then, "that all cultural values tend to stimulate subjective more than objective interests." We are lead to believe that children from cultural family environments develop these introspec. live tendencies. Can empirical evidence be shown that will substantiate this contention? It will most likely be found, upon investigation, that many people with this kind of environment are not at all disposed to 'subjective" preoccupation of the sort described by Mr Crowther

We find that children who become "engrossed in introspective thought" are more likely to become introverts than those who never did much thinking before adolescence Here again we must ask whether empirical evidence will support this supposition.

Before discussing how Mr Crowther relates inversion to introversion, it is necessary to comment on his definition of inversion, for this definition is essential to his fourth thesis. stated at the beginning of this article

Although the terms "inversion" and "homosexuality" are nowhere equated in Mr. Crowther's article, I shall assume that they do mean the same thing. This brings up the ageold question of the definition of homosexuality The famous Kinsey reports have shown that only a very ..mall proportion of the total male population limit their sexual activities exclusively to men. From this small group here is a continuum, so 31